PUB 540 Discuss the difference between screening and surveillance

Passive and Active Surveillance

Passive surveillance “surveillance in which available data on reportable disease are used, or in which disease reporting is mandated or required, with the responsibility for the reporting often falling on the health care provider or district health officer” (Gordis, 2004 pg. 39).

Passive surveillance is less costly; however, local outbreaks may be missed due to the relatively amount of cases being small. Many countries have systems in place for passive reporting for a number of reportable cases that are generally infectious. Most surveillance for communicable diseases is passive. Notifiable diseases are those considered to be of public health importance and is a form of passive surveillance.

Active surveillance” surveillance in which project staff are recruited to carry out a surveillance program” (Gordis, 2014, pg. 39). More time and resources are required with active surveillance. Surveys are utilized, and interviewing involves physicians and patients and review of medical records. Reporting is generally more accurate because individuals carrying out active surveillance are specifically employed to carry out their responsibility (Gordis, 2014).

Reference

Gordis, L. (2014). Epidemiology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders

Screening is to identify early signs and symptoms of a disease or health problem to implement early treatment or program intervention to reduce the likelihood of the emergence of disease or health problem and/or mortality from the disease in an individual. Screening in populations is only undertaken when there is proven benefit to the screening and the natural history of the disease is well established as for example with colorectal cancer .(Oleske D. M. 2009).

Surveillance is the systematic process of identifying, collecting, orderly summarization, analysis, and evaluation of data about specific diseases or health problems with the prompt dissemination of finding to those who need to know and those who need to take action. Response by the health system includes communication of risk identified from surveillance to the public, introduction of countermeasures such as recall of products, treatment of individuals who could transmit the disease, or the administration of immunizations. Surveillance can focus on the identification of: awareness of specific medical conditions (e.g. stroke events), behavioral risk factors (factors leading to the increased risk of a health problem because of an action or task) (e.g., needlestick injury surveillance, adverse drug events), birth defects, chronic diseases, clinical syndromes clustering (because of their potential for bioterrorism), dental caries, health-related quality of life, infectious diseases, indicators of the potential for infectious diseases in humans (e.g., surveillance of dead birds in identifying emergence of West Nile Virus), injuries, preventive service utilization, procedure utilization (e.g., assisted reproductive technology), and health problems whose prevalence is expected to markedly increase over time (e.g., epilepsy) (Centers for Disease Control, 2008; Chowdhury et al. 2007).

PUB 540 Discuss the difference between screening and surveillance

Screening tests must be widely available to the population for which they are intended. They cannot be available only at academic or other large medical centers. The tests must not have associated morbidity or mortality—even minor side effects may offset the benefits of screening. The test must also be reasonably priced, otherwise insurers may not provide coverage, and patients may be unable or unwilling to pay for the tests themselves.

Reference:

American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Commercialized Medical Screening (Report A-03). Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13628.html. Accessed November 25, 2005.

Oleske D. M. (2009). Screening and Surveillance for Promoting Population Health. Epidemiology and the Delivery of Health Care Services: Methods and Applications, 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0164-4_5

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The screening is utilized to determine early signs and symptoms of illness or health conditions to provide early treatment or intervention to prevent health complications from the disease in an individual (Oleske, 2009). Surveillance is described as an organized process to collect data about disease or health problems, analyze these data, and conduct an evaluation to provide this information to those who are actively involved in the health problem (Oleske, 2009). Screening may be conducted through technology such as x-ray, questionnaires or surveys, clinical assessments such as breast examination, and laboratory testing to identify health issues while surveillance is a continuous process of monitoring health problems.

A good example of a screening procedure is a home test kit for COVID-19 to identify if the individual is positive for COVID-19. Surveillance is conducted by providing information to local public health departments such as a number of positive cases in schools or communities to identify protocols or improve protocols that will promote the health of the communities.

Reference

Oleske, D. M. (2009). Screening and Surveillance for Promoting Population Health. Epidemiology and the Delivery of Health Care Services: Methods and Applications, 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0164-4_5

Lindenberg (2018) describes surveillance at the continued systematic collection of data pertaining to a disease state within the community. The data continues to be analyzed and interpreted to implement interventions to help control and eradicate the disease. Interventions need continued evaluation as well to make sure they work. And, if not then they need to be revised based on data in public health to achieve the goal of making the public better. This is what public health does to deal with in addressing epidemic disease states such as HIV or COVID. Lindenberg (2018), specifically discusses the task of surveilling HIV aids in the United States in agreed upon standardized methodology in to provide current information regarding the prevention, treatment, ongoing care, and ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of these efforts.

According to the Friis and Sellers (2021) screening is the application of various diagnostic tests and procedures to determine what disease is causing the illness. Screenings are part of the research process that identify trends and patterns that can be used to identify specific groups that need to be surveilled. Screenings are preliminary parts of surveillance. It is the presumptive identification that is not known. And, of specific concern is the quality of that screening to be beneficial to the population it must: of significance in helping make the community or individual better, the screening must be done in recognized methods according to data collection, and the screening should help in alter the natural course of the disease with appropriate treatment remedies available well tested and approved.

References

Lindegren, M. L. (2018). Surveillance case definition. In T. J. Hope, D. Richman, & M. Stevenson, Encyclopedia of AIDS. Springer Science+Business Media. Credo Reference: https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/spraids/surveillance_case_definition/0?institutionId=5865

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

During healthcare management, prevention strategies may not be feasible for most health conditions, and some of those approaches may not be known. Therefore, surveillance and screening assist in the accurate management of such conditions.

Screening involves the process of detecting early symptoms and signs of disease hence helping in reducing the likelihood of occurrence of the condition. In this light, screening is the active detection of disease possibilities among a healthy population (Given-Wilson, 2018). According to the World Health Organization, the criteria for screening involve the determination of whether the disease is a health issue, the presence of detectable preclinical phases, need for clinical tests to offer benefits compared to other treatments.

On the other hand, surveillance is a systematic yet ongoing process that identifies, collects, summarizes, and analysis information relating to a specific health condition (Santos-Garcia et al., 2020). Procedures following surveillance are the dissemination of the acquired data to the relevant authorities for relevant actions to be taken.

References

Given-Wilson, R. (2018). The role of imaging in screening special features. The British Journal of Radiology, 91(1090), 20189003-20189003.

Santos-Garcia, D., de Deus Fonticoba, T., Suárez Castro, E., Aneiros Díaz, A., & McAfee, D. (2020). 5-2-1 criteria: a simple screening tool for identifying advanced PD patients who need an optimization of Parkinson’s treatment. Parkinson’s Disease, 2020.

World Health Organization. (2020). Screening programs: a short guide. Increase effectiveness, maximize benefits, and minimize harm.

As clinicians we know that prevention strategies may not be possible or feasible for all disease states, but as public health advocates we still need to try. And, yes in order to do what public health is challenged to do we must surveil and screen for disease. Lindenberg (2018) describes surveillance at the continued systematic collection of data pertaining to a disease state within the community. The data continues to be analyzed and interpreted to implement interventions to help control and eradicate the disease. Interventions need continued evaluation as well to make sure they work. And, if not then they need to be revised based on data in public health to achieve the goal of making the public better. This is what public health does to deal with in addressing epidemic disease states such as HIV or COVID. Lindenberg (2018), specifically discusses the task of surveilling HIV aids in the United States in agreed upon standardized methodology in to provide current information regarding the prevention, treatment, ongoing care, and ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of these efforts. And Friis & Sellers describes screening as the presumptive identification of a specific disease. The collection of data and analysis is necessary to achieve the goals of public health, and as you say for relevant actions to be taken.

Reference

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

PUB 540 Discuss the difference between screening and surveillance