Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
NURS 6521 Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
The scenario presents patient HL with the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea due to Prednisone. The patient also has a history of drug abuse and possible signs of Hepatitis C. The history of drug abuse could also be the reason that is causing malfunction in the body, which leads to vomiting and nausea (Asrani et al., 2019). The paper determines the three differential diagnoses and explains the pharmacological way to treat them.
Diagnosis
Despite the absence of a physical and comprehensive examination, the available symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting can be used to diagnose the patient. Based on the presented symptom, the primary patient diagnosis is acute gastroenteritis. Acute gastroenteritis is caused by parasitic, direct viral, and bacterial (Amjad, 2020). In this case, the stomach and intestine suffer inflammation and irritation due to bacteria inflammation leading to food contamination (Amjad, 2020). Acute gastroenteritis can be spread by drinking contaminated beverages or foods (Amjad, 2020).
The patient history of drug abuse can help diagnose the patient to suffer from acute hepatitis C flare-up. Hepatitis C causes liver infection caused by a virus (Axley et al., 2018). Therefore, a patient history of drug abuse gives room for a high rate of contracting hepatitis C. The symptoms associated with a patient with Hepatitis C flare-up include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Axley et al., 2018). The patient could also be diagnosed with a hepatobiliary disease caused by bacterial, virus, or alcohol consumption. The symptom is abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite (Axley et al., 2018). However, HL suffered from Hepatitis C flare-up and acute gastroenteritis based on the symptom presented.
Drug Therapy and Treatment Plan: ssignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
The primary aim is to overcome the patient’s symptoms and reduce complications. The patient should continue using Synthroid 100 mcg daily, which effectively restores thyroid hormone and helps treat Hepatitis C (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Thyrotropin is released in hormone (TRH), leading to the anterior pituitary stimulation (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The thyroid is secreted to 80% thyroxine (T4), while 20 % represents the L-triiodothyronine (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The patient should also be prescribed promethazine 25mg daily to treat acute gastroenteritis (Amjad, 2020). The drug is also effective in the drug abuse history of HL. Promethazine 25mg daily does not produce any sedative effects, which is essentially dealing with the patient history of drug which causes an effect in the liver (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The promethazine alienates the peripheral and central effects by using histamine receptors (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The patient should reduce the intake of Nifedipine 30mg daily since it is used to treat hypertension (Ainuddin et al., 2019). ssignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Prednisone 10mg is known to cause side effects such as vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Prednisone helps lower inflammation, which is achieved by decreasing the capillary permeability and the migration of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). The drug therapy will involve taking the drug in three days and being encouraged to return to the clinic for further evaluation to determine the drugs’ effectiveness. The use of antiemetics will effectively deal with vomiting and nausea (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). However, the side effect of antiemetic use is that it increases electrolyte and dehydration imbalance (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020).
Justifying the Recommendation Drug Therapy: Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
The newer agent for curing hepatitis C infection is the antimotility agent, which effectively treats acute non-bloody diarrhea (Aksan et al., 2021). The agents in this category include loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate, which help rehydrate symptomatic relief (Aksan et al., 2021). The most reabsorption agent is loperamide, which helps alter intestinal motility by giving time for the reabsorption of water in the intestines, thus declining the volume of stools (Ayele et al., 2021). Oral Rehydration Salts are also effective in dealing with dehydration since they contain trisodium citrate, sucrose, and potassium chloride dehydrate. The amount given should depend on the intensity and frequency of diarrhea.
Conclusion
Zinc supplements effectively deal with gastroenteritis, which leads to diarrhea. Patients suffering from gastroenteritis face severe zinc deficiency (Hitch & Fleming, 2018). In this case, zinc will act as a micronutrient that helps the cell grow, boost immunity, and help intestinal transport. It is also essential in water and electrolyte transportation.
References
Ainuddin, J., Javed, F., & Kazi, S. (2019). Oral labetalol versus oral nifedipine for the management of postpartum hypertension a randomized control trial. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(5), 1428. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717493/
Aksan, A., Farrag, K., Blumenstein, I., Schröder, O., Dignass, A. U., & Stein, J. (2021). Chronic intestinal failure and short bowel syndrome in Crohn’s disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(24), 3440. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8240052/
Amjad, M. (2020). An overview of the molecular methods in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infectious diseases. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8135724
Asrani, S. K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J., & Kamath, P. S. (2019). Burden of liver diseases in the world. Journal of Hepatology, 70(1), 151-171. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827818323882
Axley, P., Ahmed, Z., Ravi, S., & Singal, A. K. (2018). Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, 6(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2017.00067
Ayele, T. M., Abebe, E. C., & Kassie, A. B. (2021). Investigation of Antibacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activities of 80% Methanol Leaf and Fruit Extract of Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. F) Iwarsson (Lamiaceae). Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 13, 613. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8254535/
Hitch, G., & Fleming, N. (2018). Antibiotic resistance in travellers’ diarrhoeal disease, an external perspective. Journal of Travel Medicine, 25(Suppl_1), S27-S37. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay014
Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
Rosenthal, L., & Burchum, J. (2020). Lehne’s Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis. | 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the diagnosis for the patient, including an accurate and thorough rationale for the diagnosis that supports clinical judgment. | 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response provides a basic explanation of 1-2 diagnoses for the patient, including an accurate rationale for the diagnosis that may support clinical judgment. | 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the diagnosis for the patient, including an inaccurate or vague rationale for the diagnosis that may or may not support clinical judgment. | 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the diagnosis for the patient, including an inaccurate and vague rationale for the diagnosis that does not support clinical judgment, or is missing. |
| Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. | 27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and completely describes in detail an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. | 24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response describes a basic explanation of the appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. | 21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response inaccurately or vaguely describes an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. | 0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response inaccurately and vaguely describes an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed. |
| Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples. | 27 (27%) – 30 (30%) The response provides an accurate, clear, and detailed justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response includes specific, accurate, and detailed examples that fully support the justification provided. | 24 (24%) – 26 (26%) The response provides a basic justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response includes only 1-2 examples that fully support the justification provided. | 21 (21%) – 23 (23%) The response provides an inaccurate or vague justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient. The response may include examples, which may inaccurately or vaguely support the justification provided. | 0 (0%) – 20 (20%) The response provides an inaccurate and vague justification for the recommended drug therapy plan for this patient, or is missing. The response does not include examples that support the justification provided, or is missing. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. | 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. | 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity less than 60% of the time. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1–2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors | 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3–4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors | 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding |
| Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1–2) APA format errors | 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3–4) APA format errors | 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors |
| Total Points: 100 |
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